The world's oldest subway is not in New York or Paris but in London. The subway followed the development of the above-ground railway system in England and then went underground for a rapid transit system for the city long before the term "rapid transit" had been devised. Historians disagree about when the first true railway was opened, but most believe it to have been the Liverpool and Manchester, opened in 1830, and linking one of Britain's largest ports with the nation's largest textile manufacturing center (Tames 78). The Surrey Iron Railway came in 1803 and the Stockton and Arlington in 1825 are also candidates, but the Liverpool and Manchester was the first to carry both passengers and freight solely by use of steam power. By 1850, there was a national railway network covering more than 6,000 miles and joining together all the major cities and ports.
London's first railway was the London and Greenwich. The early trains contributed to the development of the region:
From the 1860s certain lines were compelled to run cheap workmen's trains at very low fares; this brought about the development of workers' suburbs in Tottenham and Walthamshaw by 1900 (Davies 66).
Restrictions were placed on the course the new railways could take, and this would lead to the development of underground railways when Parliament refused to allow the main lines to enter Central London and instead stipulated "that the termini should be connected by underground lines" (Hutchings 97).
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