TELEMEDICINE I. Telemedicine

Perednia and Allen (1995) reported that the telemedicine concept was first applied in 1959, when physicians ôused a microwave link for telepsychiatry consultations between the Nebraska Psychiatric Institute in Omaha and the state mental hospital 112 miles away. In the same year, à teleradiologyö was used in Montreal to transmit ôtelefluoroscopic examinations over coaxial cable. In the 1970s and 1980s, limited telemedicine projects were instituted at several sites in North America and Australia, including the Space Technology Applied to Rural Papago Advanced Health Care (STARPAHC) project of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in southern Arizona, a project at Logan Airport in Boston à, and programs in northern Canadaö (p. 484). Perednia and Allen (1995) reported that, with ôthe exception of the 20-year old telemedicine program at Memorial University of Newfoundland, St JohnÆs, none of the programs begun before 1986 has survived. Although data are limited, the early reviews and evaluations of those programs suggest that the equipment was reasonably effective at transmitting the information needed for most clinical uses and that users were for the most part satisfied. However, when external sources of funding were withdrawn, the programs disappeared, indicating that the single most important cause of their failure was the inability to justify these

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ts. E. Health Care Provider Orientation Perednia and Allen (1995) contended that: ôMany areas of medical practice have potential telemedicine applications. Image transfer is an integral part of radiology and pathology. Clinically oriented specialties can capture and remotely display physical findings, transmit specialized data from tests such as electroencephalograms and electrocardiograms, and carry out interactive examinations or psychiatric interviewsö (p. 483). Research has found that significant economies can be gained from the use of Picture Archive and Communications Systems (PACS), because they ôwill save referring physicians considerable time by eliminating their trips to and from the radiology department file roomö (Saarinen, 1990, p. 806). One estimate is that referring physicians spend two weeks over the course of a year traveling to and from the radiology file room. If the time to make these trips ôcould be recovered and was used to increase patient visits, the lost time would be worth between $3 million and $8 million dollars in annual billings to the typical university of hospital, depending upon billable rates and patient demand for services. Additionally, research found that the amount of time spent by cl
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