Reasons for Downturn in Worldwide Tourism

Prior to 1973, tourism was a major growth industry on a worldwide basis. The energy crises of 19731974 and 19791980 increased the costs of travel significantly, because of jet fuel price increases. Tourism growth suffered as a result during and shortly after each of the energy crises. Just as worldwide tourism was poised for another growth period in the early1980s, the most severe economic recession in more than 40 years hit the United States, and most other industrialized countries experienced economic recession soon afterwards. Thus, the anticipated international travel boom never materialized.

In late1983, however, the United States economy entered a recovery period, and, in the following two years, most of the

other industrial economies also began to recover. In 1984, the long hoped for international travel

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otype leader. Subordinates were told what to do and how to do it. No thought was given to telling a subordinate why a task was to be performed or why a particular method was preferable. Certainly, no thought was given to either consulting with or informing subordinates ahead of time concerning a decision or a proposed change which would affect them (Luthans, 1989). The development of a wide spectrum of theory marked the trend toward participative management. A sense of this spectrum of theory may be gained through a consideration of Theories X, Y, and Z. Theory X is a workcentered approach (Sisk, 1987). There are three assumptions implicit in Theory X. These assumptions are that: (1) the average human being has an inherent dislike of work, and, where possible in organizations, will attempt to avoid work (McGregor, 1960); this assumption causes Theory X managers to assume most responsibilities, including decision making, for themselves; (2) because most humans dislike work, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment, in order to cause them to expend the effort required to attain organizational objectives (McGregor, 1960); managers holding such an assumption tend to create highly c
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Approximate Pages = 12 (250 words per page)

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