FEAR AND SCREENING FOR CERVICAL CANCER: A REVIEW OF THE
The importance of screening in conditions of cervical cancer cannot be overestimated; this because improvements in women's cancer-screening behaviors can lead to a reduction in the incidence of cervical cancer. Indeed, Chamberlain (1983) reports that the very purpose of cancer screening is to detect and treat the disease at an early stage when it is still curable. The benefits of cancer screening are improved prognosis for some cases detected by screening, less radical treatment to cure some early cases, reassurance for those with negative test results, and resource savings from less radical treatment.
However, in order to elevate screening participation, it is necessary to understand those factors that operate as obstacles in participation. Several studies have investigated for factors (usually fear/anxiety related) that serve as obstacles. These studies have been conducted on both American women--most typically special populations of women in America (e.g., minorities, immigrants, low-income groups, etc.)--and on women in other countries. Both categories of research are examined here.
Factors That Obstruct Cancer Screening
Focus groups were used in a study conducted by Dignan, Michielutte, Sharp, Bahnson, Young and Beal (1990) in an effort to determine obstacles preventing black women (ages 18 years and above) from participating in cervical cancer screening. Subjects in the study lived in Forsyth County, North Carolina; they participated in four focus groups conducted to help develop the conceptual basis for designing educational messages and materials.
The groups were led by a black, female professional focus group moderator, and explored a variety of health-related topics ranging from general, ordinary concerns of daily living to knowledge and attitudes about cancer screening. According to Dignan et. al (1990) group discussions suggested that healt...