Psychiatrist/Analyst Karen Horney

Horney was born Karen Danielsen in Hamburg, Germany. In the early part of the century there was, among educated Europeans, a growing "atmosphere of social and political excitement concerning women's rights" and Horney, assisted by her mother, took advantage of the fact that universities and professions had begun to admit women to persuade her father to overcome his initial reluctance to finance her education (Symonds 302). She was educated at Freiburg and G÷ttingen universities and took her medical degree at the University of Berlin in 1913. She had married Oskar Horney in 1909 and first entered analysis, with Karl Abraham, in 1910. Following the completion of her medical course Horney went on to study psychiatry. She became one of the founding members of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute in 1920 and was an instruc

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as penis envy and female masochism were not uncommon findings. But she stressed that they were "neurotic conditions and not the fate of all women" (Symonds 302). In order to arrive at a clearer picture of female development Horney felt that Freud's notion that there was no basic feminine identity had to be replaced with a more reasonably balanced view. The Freudian claim that all women wished to have a penis, and that the satisfactions of childbirth were merely those of having produced a substitute penis, avoided the possibility that there was also envy generated in men by the fact of childbirth. She proposed that womb envy, which she found "frequently in her work with male patients," adjusted the imbalance produced by a theory that derived only from consideration of male narcissism and was "unsatisfying not only to female narcissism, but also to biological science" (quoted in Symonds 303). Freud's response to Horney's proposals was that female professionals were merely caught up in "repressed penis envy" and might even be "castrating females," an idea that still receives support in some circumstances (Symonds 304). But the attack by Freud did not deter Horney, even though the controversy generated by her Berlin-era opinio
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