Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracranial hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space, may be aneurysmal or nonaneurysmal. Causes of SAH are uncertain, risk factors include family history of aneurysms, age, alcohol, cigarettes, and hypertension. Warning signs are a severe and sudden headache, emesis, and developing stiff neck. Annual incidence in North America is approximated at 10 cases per 100,000 people; nonaneurysmal SAH represents around 15 percent of the population. Computed tomography (CT) is used to test for SAH, followed by lumbar puncture. Catheter cerebral angiography is the current standard for the diagnosis of aneurysm SAH. SAH results in death or disability (around 55 percent); nonaneurysm SAH has a better outcome. Early diagnosis and repair of SAH minimizes the risk of rebleeding. Aneurysm surgery, anticonvulsants, calcium antagonists, neuroprotectants, and prevention of vasospasm help manage ruptured cerebral aneurysms and improve SAH prognosis. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is defined as intracranial hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space (1:750). Subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured intracranial or cerebral aneurysm is also referred to as aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (5). Nonaneurysmal SAH is also included (8). Causes of aneurysm formation or rupture remain uncertain. Gender and race are not shown to be predictors of aneurysm rupture. Hypertension is an independent ris
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as "warning" or "sentinel" leaks (2:162).
Prevalence
SAH from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm is common and usually devastating. Annual incidence in North America is approximated at 10 cases per 100,000 people (2). It is estimated that 25,000 SAH cases occurring in the United States each year will result in permanent disability or death for more than half of the patients (7). SAH with no origin of bleeding revealed represent around 15 percent of the population (8).
Diagnostic Features & Tests
The first test for the presence of SAH is computed tomography (CT) of the head. Patients with acute SAH need to be referred to the nearest institution with a CT scanner. CT performed within a day of the rupture reveals high-density (white) blood clot in basal subarachnoid cisterns in approximately 95 percent of patients. CT scanning gives an estimate of the SAH origin and extent of the hemorrhage, and it shows associated intracerebral hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and hydrocephalus (2).
This technique is followed by lumbar puncture if the CT is negative for intracranial bleeding; this takes place in only a few cases, within 24 hours of aneurysm bleeding. Lumbar puncture may result in the precipitation of aneurysm reblee
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 1559
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page)
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