platysmal plication or resection, superficial musculoaponeurotic system operation, and the direct or indirect removal of abnormal fat deposits of aging. Many problems of the upper face have also been eliminated with various techniques of brow lifting through a coronal or forehead hairline incision. Levels of brow lift dissection have been successful at the subcutaneous, supragaleal, or subgaleal planes with varying amounts of forehead muscle resection to eliminate vertical frown lines at the root of the nose and transverse forehead lines above the eyebrows. Superior repositioning of the eyebrows not only corrects the descent that occurs with aging, but also gives a dramatic improvement to the hooding and redundancy of upper eyelid skin that was effectively and inappropriately treated with blepharoplasty in the past. The remaining challenge is to rejuvenate the central third of the face, including the nasolabial folds and malar pouches that descend with age (Whetzel, 1993, 400).
Any surgical procedure carries with it at least some risk, and the more complicated the procedure, the greater the risk. The risks attendant to cosmetic surgery are statistically small, but they should be taken into account before undergoing any sort of treatment. Not every person is a good candidate for every procedure, and among the factors to be considered are general health, weight, allergies, skin type, and color. Furthermore, the prospective patient's attitude and expectations will weigh heavily in a doctor's evaluation. Those who have psychological problems such as feelings of failure or rejection, low self esteem, and the like, cosmetic surgery is often seen as the answer to the basic problem when it is not (Symonds, 1989, 278).
Plastic surgery is a medical specialty that seeks to improve physical function or to minimize disfigurement or scarring resulting from accidents, disease or birth defects, and plastic surgery includes ...