In the 19th and 20th centuries, the role of the emperor of Japan has gone through a change from the way the imperial ruler was originally developed, and after World War II the greatest change of all was brought about by the new constitution imposed by the American Occupation. The Meiji period in the 19th century was the beginning of the rapid development of economic life in Japan, a period of modernization and of the emergence of new elites based on expertise and technical knowledge. The Revolution of 1868 was a restoration to power of the Imperial dynasty, leading to the Meiji period lasting into this century. The leaders of the Restoration were young samurai of the great western fiefs who became a self-perpetuating oligarchy more influential in the Meiji government than the Emperor himself. They were united in their conviction that they alone had the experience needed and the sense of responsibility to direct the affairs of the state. They introduced two European institutions--parliamentary government and the political party. This was the foundation of Japanese liberalism. Feudalism was abolished, and the Daimyo surrendered their fiefs to the Throne. The samurai were reduced from being hereditary arms-bearers and pensioners to the status of commoners, leading to considerable resentment among the more conservative elements. The adoption of a parliamentary system was also not without its conflicts and its bloodshed (Webb, 1989, 29-30).
Japan did not produce truly liberal political institutions in spite of the adoption of Western parliamentarianism, but Japanese economic modernization along Western lines was very successful. The process of concentration by enterprising merchants and financiers led to the creation of the "financial clique," or zaibatsu. These firms organized an electric power system and built great industries. Numerous business enterprises and financial institutions were developed at this time. Education...