Roman Architecture
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Architecture that was distinctively Roman did not begin to emerge until the first century BC and only reached full development at the time of Augustus one century later. Because Rome was formed from interactions with many different Italian groups and because the Roman Empire took in so much area and so many different peoples, Roman culture was not homogeneous. Nearly every aspect of its culture was heavily influenced by other Italians (particularly the Etruscans), Greeks, and peoples of the Near East and Europe. Pollitt divides the long developmental period of Roman art and architecture into three phases. The first two were the Etruscan phase (seventh and sixth centuries BC) and the Italic phase (which corresponded with the beginning of the Republic and occupied the next two centuries). The third period was the Greek phase "dating to the third and second centuries BC and coinciding with Rome's expansion into and domination of the Hellenistic world." In architecture, the Greek influence continued throughout the first century and was the model that was often invoked during the Augustan era, when Greek art offered "a language of forms" that reflected Augustus' vision of Rome "as a new Athens". The last important revival of the Greek tradition occurred during the second century AD in the peaceful reign of Hadrian for whom the Greek style signified an age when "love of beauty and the pursuit of understanding were valued more highly than the struggle for power."
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ildings that were centered, reflecting the centralized nature of the empire, and which, by maintaining at least the decorative aspects of Greek design, also referred to the idealized past.
Most aspects of Greek architectural tradition underwent considerable changes in being adapted by the Romans. The domestic architecture uncovered at the buried city of Pompeii, which was always a crossroads between Greek and Roman influences, offers some of the clearest examples of the differences between Roman and Greek architecture. Here the earliest examples can be found of the Roman "feeling for inwardness" as well as for the highly regimented composition that distinguishes Roman layouts from even the most formal of Greek or Hellenistic designs. Roman houses, for example, were constructed as rectangles with rigid central axes and when the Greek peristyles were added to the houses they were merely added onto the axes and, instead of being paved, they became the back kitchen gardens.
This idea of bringing nature inside was also peculiar to the Romans. The Greeks saw nature as preceding them and the things they built "placed themselves in [nature's] folds with reverence or, later, dramatic verve." In the villas of wealthy Romans the pe
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Approximate Word count = 1636
Approximate Pages = 7 (250 words per page)
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