Viral diseases
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Viral diseases have the distinction of being among the oldest recorded human diseases (such as rabies and polio) as well as some of the most recently described (such as AIDS). The advancement of virology accelerated during the nineteenth century. First, careful clinical observations led to the identification and differentiation of a number of viral illnesses (such as smallpox from chickenpox and measles from rubella). Second, this improved clinical definition of illnesses combined with improvements in pathologic techniques and methods allowed the pathologic substrate of many viral diseases to be identified. Finally, the work of Pasteur started the systematic use of laboratory animals to study the pathogenesis of disease (10:1124).With the beginning of the twentieth century, the first viruses were identified. Beijerinck identified tobacco mosaic virus and Loeffler and Frosch discovered foot and mouth disease virus. Then yellow fever, the first human disease-causing virus was discovered, and the seminal work on the pathogenesis of yellow fever by Walter Reed and the Army Yellow Fever Commission was begun. In the 1940s, using bacteriophages as a model, Delbruck, Luria, and others established many of the basic principles of microbial genetics and molecular biology and identified the major events in the viral growth cycle. The experiments of Avery and associates on the transformation of pneumococcal types, which established that DNA was the genetic material, set the stage
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h for new therapeutic agents.
There are many different types of viruses. One such virus is the Epstein-Barr (EBV) virus, which is a ubiquitous member of the human herpesvirus group. Infection with EBV is common, worldwide in distribution, and largely subclinical in early childhood. EBV has been established as the etiologic agent of heterophile-positive infectious mononucleosis, which occurs most frequently in late adolescence or early adulthood. In addition, an association between EBV and African Burkitt's lymphoma, as well as between EBV and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, has been suggested by seroepidemiologic data and by the detection of the EBV genome in cells from both tumors (9:1172).
It has also been suggested that persistent EBV infection is a frequent cause of fatigue and malaise in young and middle-aged adults. This speculation has arisen from reports of a syndrome characterized by fatigue, sore throat, mild cognitive dysfunction, and myalgias initially noted in association with apparent increase in antibody titers to the EBV early antigen complex (9:1177). This "chronic fatigue syndrome" seems to affect young adults, usually with a female preponderance who develop a nonspecific symptom complex more reminiscent of the
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Approximate Word count = 2762
Approximate Pages = 11 (250 words per page)
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