5 Stages of Human Development

The conceptual framework within which each theory is discussed is that of the Developmental Counseling and Therapy (DCT) model which, according to Ivey (1993) is: (1) a therapeutic model designed to integrate major developmental theories with counseling practice; and (2) rests on the assumption that certain cognitive and affective states crucial to counseling purposes are repeated again and again throughout the life-span.

Description of Psychodynamic Theory

Psychodynamic theories view human development as preceding through a series of psychosexual stages (Pervin, 1980). As originally characterized by Freud (1953), the theory states that powerful unconscious biological drives (mostly sexual and aggressive) motivate human development.

These natural urges put people into conflict with society producing anxiety. To combat such anxiety, according to psychodynamic theory, people unconsciously distort reality through defense mechanisms. Everyone uses defense mechanisms at times; however, it is only when they are so overused that they interfere with healthy emotional development that they are considered pathological.

The conflicts that people experience with society give

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ritual well-being were directly correlated with the experience of Ego Integrity or Despair, and psychological wellness was directly correlated with the perception of quality of life improvement since the time of diagnosis for seropositive individuals. Description of Cognitive Theory There are two major theories of cognitive development. The first is the theory of Jean Piaget which uses the stage concept to describe the growth of human cognition. The second theory is that of Lawrence Kohlberg (Kohlberg, 1981) which describes the growth of one type of human cognition, namely that of moral reasoning. With respect to the theory of Jean Piaget, he believed that the core of intelligent behavior was an inborn tendency that people have to adapt to their environment. Piaget (1951) stated that children build on the foundation of their sensory, motor, and reflex capacities to actively construct their knowledge of the world---from feeling a pebble, say, or exploring the boundaries of a living room. According to Piaget, children learn from their experiences and develop more complex mental structures, which help them progress through a series of four stages of cognitive development. These four stages of cognitive development can be li
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