Smoking Cessation Program

However, Papalia and Olds (1992) have noted that in order for these programs to be maximally effective, they must contain two elements: (1) they must be relevant to the specific developmental (age) group targeted, e.g. adolescents, middle-aged people, older or elderly people, etc.; and (2) they must contain components that address themselves to the various stages and processes involved in smoking cessation.

The purpose of this paper is to examine various smoking cessation programs containing the stipulated stages, programs developed for people of different ages. The paper beings with a description of the processes and stages involved in smoking celation; this is followed by a review of evaluative studies of various programs developed to help people of all ages quit smoking.

Smoking Cessation Stages and Processes of Change

Mathre (1994) has noted that there are five stages associated with people quitting smoking. These stages can be described as follows:

(1) Precontemplation Stage: In this stage, smokers

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prehensive review of the literature aimed at identifying the characteristics of successful smoking cessation treatment programs for older people. Based upon examination of 93 different smoking cessation treatment groups, offered on a public service basis by the American Lung Association of Iowa, four elements of program design especially pertinent to older clients were discovered. These elements were: coercion, facilitator characteristics, group cohesiveness, and active involvement. Coercion in the form of restrictive policies on smoking, as are often found in structured residential facilities, was found not to work unless the smokers also had an internal motivation to quit. Facilitators who conveyed respect and empathy led successful treatment groups, regardless of older people's differential histories of tobacco use. It was also found that the development and maintenance of group cohesiveness was an essential element for effective group treatment. A final key element to group success was said to be the active involvement of each member, rather than passive acceptance of "treatment." Some smoking cessation programs are specifically aimed at pregnant women. Lillington (1994) evaluated a one such program aimed at Afric
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Approximate Word count = 5128
Approximate Pages = 21 (250 words per page)

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