Benzo[a]pyrene, also known as 3,4 benzopyrene, is one of a myriad of chemicals which occur in smoke. It is usually formed by incomplete combustion. Studies have shown that, under certain circumstances, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) may induce tumors in laboratory animals. No evidence, however, has thus far been discovered which indicates that BaP causes cancer in humans. Regardless of this fact though, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established exceedingly stringent standards for occupational BaP exposures. These regulations are highly inappropriate. Furthermore, by diverting limited company resources away from more necessary concerns, the standards may actually serve to compromise work place safety.
The substance, benzo[a]pyrene, is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound. Its chemical formula is as follows: C20H12. Pure BaP may exist as either pale yellow needles or plates. The melting point of this material is between 179 and 179.3 degrees Celsius (EPA, 1990, p. 29).
In general, benzo[a]pyrene is formed by burning. It occurs ubiquitously throughout the environment and may be derived from both man made and natural sources. For example, BaP has been detected in drinking water, soils, and food. Observed concentrations in untreated water may range from 0.6 nanograms/liter to as high as 210 nanograms/liter. Treated waters tend to have somewhat less BaP; their benzo[a]pyrene content can range down to as little as 0.3 nanograms/liter (EPA, 1990, p. 18). In addition, soil surveys throughout rural areas of the United States have also detected BaP. These levels may range from a low of 40 micrograms/kilogram of soil upwards to about 1,300 micrograms/kilogram. Benzo[a]pyrene also occurs in many foods. It has been detected in unprocessed cereal, potatoes, grain, flour, bread, vegetables, and fruits. Moreover, it is also present in a variety of different processed foods and beverages. Levels...