Karen Horney's Approach to Psychology
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Karen Horney (1895-1952) was born in Hamburg, Germany, daughter of a Norwegian sea captain and a Dutch mother of "free thinking" ways (Kelman, 1967, pp. 9-10). She was among the first generation of psychiatrists to study under Sigmund Freud, founding father of modern psychoanalysis, after his theories had become generally accepted in European circles in the early 20th century. Unlike Freud, thirty years her senior, Karen Horney's upper-middle-class Protestant credentials grounded her with a sense of social assurance and stability during her upbringing that the older man did not enjoy. Since, by his own records of self-analysis, Freud spent much of his adult life reacting to his childhood traumas of Jewish displacement/disadvantage in the changing Austrian society of the day, Horney's security must be considered an equally important foundation (Kelman, 1967, pp. 10-11). It was not a life without adventure - Horney's father took her on long voyages, her mother encouraged intellectual excellence. The strength and vitality of Horney's home life undoubtedly encouraged the young German girl to pursue medical studies in Berlin at a time when women were hardly a presence in the profession. Both a doctor and married by age twenty-four (1909), she was to raise three daughters. During the turbulent years surrounding World War One, Karen Horney chose the newly-established profession of psychiatry as the focus of her attention, possibly in mild, adventurous rebellion against the
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rywhere, and her books - written for the "interested layman" (Horney, 1969/orig. 1937, p. xi) - received popular attention. At the same time Freud was being canonized; her always-reverent divergence from his Oedipally-dominated/theory-based canon put her at odds with the newly-converted disciples of American psychiatry. Horney worked briefly at the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, then moved to the New York Psychoanalytic Institute - with whom she soon broke to help found the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis and the American Institute for Psychoanalysis.
Institutional thought tends to lag a generation or two behind the pioneers. Freudian orthodoxy was the establishment during the 1940s. While Horney continued to pursue a fruitful research and writing career, her dissident findings were pushed aside as a minor and inconsequential "deviation" from the psychoanalytic mainstream (Coles, 1974, p. 187). It would not be until the 1970s, twenty years after her death, that Karen Horney's female-oriented Freudianism would be recalled to the center of psychoanalytic debate - to be alternately hailed and berated by feminists (Baruch, 1991; Mitchell, 1974).
That debate somewhat skews the overview of Karen Horney's
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Approximate Word count = 1895
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page)
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