Punting A Football

Complex physical endeavors generally require the coordinated functioning of numerous organs and organ systems. Punting a football, for example, involves the body's special sensory apparatus and nervous system. Through the appropriate neuronal stimuli, an athlete's respiration and heart rate may be elevated. Such adjustments provide for the increased metabolic requirements associated with exertion. Only when these physiologic needs are met, can the athlete perform optimally.

A punter about to kick a football would obviously hear the roar of the crowd. The process of hearing requires several different anatomic structures. These include the external, middle, and inner ear structures. The external ear consists of a flap of elastic cartilage known as the auricle, the external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane. The external ear gathers sound waves and focuses them inward (Tortora & Grabowski 487-494).

The middle ear consists of a small, air-filled cavity containing three tiny bones. These bones are called the auditory ossicles and include the malleus, incus, and stapes. The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane and the incus. The incus is the intermediate bone; it articulates with the stapes. The stapes' footplate fits into the oval window. Directly below the membrane covered oval window is yet another opening known as the round window (Tortora & Grabowski 487-494).

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h the expenditure of energy. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for emergencies. The various physiological phenomena caused by the sympathetic stimulation are known as the fight-or-flight reaction. This general response may be activated by, for example, the physical exertion or excitement associated with punting a football. Its various characteristics include the following: (1) dilation of the pupils; (2) rapid breathing; and (3) an increase in heart rate and force of contraction (Tortura & Grabowski 503-513). Dilation of the pupil allows more light to enter the eyeball. The typical adult eyeball measures about 1 inch in diameter and lies recessed within a boney orbit. The wall of the eyeball can be divided into the following three layers: (1) the fibrous tunic; (2) the vascular tunic; and (3) the retina. The outer fibrous tunic contains the transparent cornea. Suspended between the cornea and the lens is the iris. The iris has a donut shape; its hole comprises the pupil. The iris regulates the amount of light which enters the eyeball. The eye's nonvascular lens is transparent. The lens fine-tunes the light rays which enter the eye (Tortura & Grabowski 473-488). Light entering a football player's e
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Approximate Word count = 1845
Approximate Pages = 7 (250 words per page)

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