Emotional Intelligence
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Goleman (1995) proposed that human beings possess emotional intelligence, a group of abilities or skills involved in the perception of emotions in one's self and in others, the management of these emotions, and the constructive use of emotion in everyday life. Goleman distinguishes emotional intelligence from the "narrow band of linguistic and math skills" measured by IQ testing and subscribes to the idea of a variety of types of intelligence (p. 42). Although Goleman draws on the growing literature on "multiple intelligences," he further distinguishes his conception of emotional intelligence from the "interpersonal" and "intrapersonal" intelligences described by Gardner (cited in Goleman, p. 42). Gardner's descriptions were limited, for the most part, to metacognitive functions, or "thoughts about feelings," and did not, in Goleman's view, take in enough of the spectrum of emotional abilities involved in the actual management and exploitation of emotions (p. 41). Goleman's study, like Gardner's, had a strong practical orientation. It began with the now fairly common understanding that intellectual ability alone was a poor predictor of success in life and was further encouraged by Goleman's observation that the growing tide of irrational violence and despair in American society "reflects back to us on a larger scale a creeping sense of emotions out of control in our lives and in those of the people around us" (p. x). These observations led Goleman to ask
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ship between traditional personality traits and coping styles and discovered only "relatively modest" relationships between dispositional coping styles and these traits (p. 281). It is, however, the third study, in which Carver et al. used their inventory to examine the associations between dispositional and situational coping, that is most relevant here.
The researchers' inventory included measures of two general types of coping: "problem-focused coping," which aims at altering the source of the stress, and "emotion-focused coping," which is "aimed at reducing or managing the emotional distress that is associated with (or cued by) the situation" (Carver et al., 1989, p. 267). Their findings in the third study constituted "a useful beginning" and "certainly do not represent a definitive statement on the role of individual difference in the coping process," yet they strongly suggested that both dispositional and situational coping strategies are employed by everyone, that they may work in a complementary fashion in many situations, and that situational coping responses need to be better understood (p. 280). The principal conclusion of Carver et al. that relates to Goleman's ideas was, however, an indication of directions for f
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Approximate Word count = 4010
Approximate Pages = 16 (250 words per page)
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