Prison Incarceration Experience & Sysemic Problems
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The prison population is growing at an alarming rate, and has reached a population density, unparalleled in the history of the United States of America. On January 20, 2003, the number of people imprisoned within the Federal Bureau of prisons reached an all time high of 165,005. Currently, over 2.2 million people are confined in state and federal prisons. One in thirty-two United States Citizens are incarcerated or on probation or parole. Conservative estimates place the costs of incarcerating an individual at $30,000 per year. Prisons are being constructed at an unprecedented rate. Inherent in the proportion of the prison juggernaut are a myriad of systemic problems (Department of Justice, 2003). The prison incarceration experience in the United States is a deepening phenomenon in the current era. More than 6.5 million persons (3.1 percent of the adult population of the United States) were under correctional supervision in the United States at mid-year 2001 ù the most recent available data. Of this total number, 1,962,220 were incarcerated (1,330,980 in prison and 631,240 in jail), 732,351 were on parole, and 3,932,751 were on probation (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2002b, p. 1). The number of persons incarcerated in prison in 2001 was up 1.1 percent from 2000 and was up 3.6 percent from 1995. In contrast, the parole population increased only 1.3 percent from 1995 to 2001 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2002b, p. 1). At the state prison level, incarcerated pop
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sult in PTSD are numerous. The uncontrollable stress during U.S. Army survival training was shown to lead to acute trauma and PTSD (Morgan, Hazlett, Wang, & Richardson, 2001). Many studies have been conducted on PTSD resulting from combat, assault and rape, natural disasters, child abuse, and school shootings (Foa, Riggs, & Gershuny, 1995; Kizer, 1996; Schwarz & Kowalski, 1991).
Research regarding the effects of incarceration on PTSD is lacking. With respect to imprisonment, the United States Supreme Court ruled in 1890 that extended solitary confinement was an infamous punishment. The Court observed that even a short period of solitary confinement could lead some inmates to insanity and suicide. Further, the Court held that inmates who survived the ordeal more or less intact were not characterized by improved behavior subsequent to release from solitary confinement (Gavora & Alexander, 1996).
In 1978, the United States Supreme Court held that a "debilitating mental effect" was experienced by inmates confined to isolation rooms from which there was no visibility from the inside of the enclosure to the outer area in which the enclosure was situated (Gavora & Alexander, 1996, p. 27). It was held further that inmates subjec
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Some common words found in the essay are:
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Approximate Word count = 4695
Approximate Pages = 19 (250 words per page)
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