New Principal Leadership
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This review of literature provides information relevant to school climate. The following issues are presented: historical development of Alabama Black Belt; high and low achieving schools; how African American children learn; instructional strategies to promote student achievement; school climate effects (assessment of school climate, parent involvement, student connectedness, school problems, and student achievement); leadership and school climate; and summary and conclusions.Historical Development of Alabama Black Belt This study is focused on Black Belt schools. These schools are located in Alabama's Black Belt. This region is found from Texas to Virginia and has been historically viewed as the home of the poorest people but the richest soil in the United States. The term was first used to refer to parts of the country with a specific color of soil, which was thick, dark, and rich in nutrients. This was also soil found in the South, a place where slaves were profitable and found in large numbers. Since the war the term Black Belt took on a new meaning and was used to describe counties in which the number of African Americans are higher than the number whites. There are two hundred counties in today's Black Belt and more than half of the population in these counties is African-American. Significant historical events took place in the Alabama Black Belt such as the civil rights struggles during the twentieth century. Alabama's Black Belt is a place known for
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This is a constructivist approach to teaching and learning. The authors stated that previous studies have shown that this method facilitates deep-level engagement and it helps students to learn mathematical concepts.
Horton and Oakland (1997) studied temperament-based learning styles as moderators of academic achievement. The authors hypothesized that achievement would be higher if instructional strategies were consistent with student preferred learning styles. A sample of 417 seventh graders who were primarily from minority and low socioeconomic status families were assessed. Teachers were trained on temperament learning styles. Findings did not support the hypothesis. Controlling for teacher effects, student achievement was higher with instructional strategies that promote depersonalized learning. The authors concluded that temperament and learning style are not the only factors to consider when designing effective instruction techniques; age and stage of development must also be noted.
McManus,áDunn, and Denigá(2003) studied the effects of traditional lecture, and teacher-constructed and student-constructed self-teaching instructional strategies. Each of these techniques requires more or less active student engage
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Some common words found in the essay are:
African American, Peterson Skiba, Mathematics Courses, Emmer Gerwels, Student Survey, Climate Barth, Pugalee Wallace, Education Statistics, Climate Maslowski, school climate, Craigie Wilsoná1995, african american, positive school, positive school climate, parent involvement, academic achievement, climate related, school climate related, black belt, learning styles, climate school, instructional strategies, school climate school, school climate effects, et al 2003,
Approximate Word count = 5946
Approximate Pages = 24 (250 words per page)
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