Network Architectures
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The International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) telecommunications model in the early 1970s. Since then, the ISO-OSI model has become the standard used for most major data communications standards. The model breaks up information into seven stacked layers, the top of which is the most sophisticated applications layer and the bottom-most of which is the physical layer. Different devices, with different goals, work at different layers of the OSI model (Leibson 41).Starting from the bottom up, the layers are: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application (Hasib 15). The top three layers (application, presentation and session) are application oriented, the middle layer (transport) is transitional, and the three lowest levels (network, data link and physical) are network dependent. The three lowest layers are where fundamental communication activities take place. The physical layer is where raw streams of bits are sent back and forth. The data link layer sends messages out in frames with a character count specified in the h
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Approximate Word count = 775
Approximate Pages = 3 (250 words per page)
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