In War and Gender, Joshua Goldstein proposed that "men's participation in combat depends on feminizing the enemy and enacting rape symbolically (and sometimes literally) thereby using gender to symbolize domination." It is Goldstein's position that men in combat use feminized needs to exert their dominance over the enemy, engaging in both literal and symbolic sexual acts to achieve both psychological and physiological superiority over the enemy. Gendered massacre in which males are executed, women are raped, and women and children enslaved has been observed in both the ancient and the modern world in such fa
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