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Concept of Management By Objectives

organizations (Luthans, 1995).

The essence of any form of participative management is that the decision making process is not authoritarian·that those individuals who are affected by the decisions participate, to some extent, in the making of those decisions. Management-by-objectives, a manifestation of participative management, is primarily a process of "managing managers," according to Drucker (1954, p. 148). Therefore, management-by-objectives is, primarily, a system of management that is designed to bring about the participation of all, or almost all, of the managers of an organization in the major decision processes of the organization (Davis, 1999).

Drucker (1954, p. 168) said that " a management by objectives a may legitimately be called a 'philosophy' of management." In the context of the job of management, management-by-objectives requires an analysis of the specific needs of the management group and the obstacles it faces. Management-by-objectives also rests on a concept in which human action, human behavior and human motivation are interdependent. Finally, it applies to every manager, whatever level or function, and to any business enterprise whether large or small. It ensures performance by converting objective needs into personal goals (Davis, 1999).

Brady (1973) said that, within a system of management-by-objectives,

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Concept of Management By Objectives. (1969, December 31). In LotsofEssays.com. Retrieved 08:43, March 29, 2024, from https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1695217.html