MaghrTbine Literature
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Few regions of the world have produced a twentieth-century literature so diverse in its languages, nationalities, and ethnicities as the Maghreb. One of the principal strains of this production is literature in French, the language of the last in the series of conquerors who imposed themselves on this corner of North Africa. Francophone literature raises many questions in a region where literary "by inference means political, too," since it is variously perceived as a sign of adherence to the attitudes of the colonized upper classes (for whom it became something of a lingua franca), a reminder of the injustices of the colonial period, a language utterly foreign to the cultures of the region, an anti-nationalist choice, a pro-modernist choice, and even as the only possible language of members of the diaspora who reside in Europe (Sellin & Abdel-Jaouad 162). But the choice to write in French (when the writer has a choice) is, however the writer perceives it, fraught with implications about culture, politics, tradition, and the legacy of colonialism. In this essay these questions will be raised in relation to the works of a number of MaghrTbine writers whose output ranges from the late colonialist period and the struggle for independence to the 1990s experience of writers living either in exile or by choice in France. The principal writers discussed here are the Moroccans Tahar Ben Jelloun and Abdelkebir Khatibi, the Algerians Kateb Yacine, Mouloud Mammeri, Assia Djebar, a
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Et nous sommes toujours en train de nous demander: de quel Occident s'agit-il? De quel Occident opposT a nous-memes, en nous-memes, qui nous-memes?" (quoted in Marx-Scouras 6).
The metaphor of the orphan does more, however, than simply acknowledge that Francophone writers are marginalized. It also implies that these writers have a right to the language they have chosen because it implies acceptance of the notion of plurality in the cultures of the Maghreb. In other words, as Khatibi says, the French language is not the exclusive property of France: "La langue frantaise n'est pas la langue frantaise: elle est plus ou moins toutes les langues internes et externes qui la font et la dTfont" (Quoted in Marx-Scouras 8). It is simply one of the languages, written and unwritten, that make up the multiplicity of the region's cultures. As Fisher notes, however, the idea of interculturality, by taking in everyone and rejecting none, "works in favor of 'l'Un' (the Indivisible)"--a view of the Maghreb and its literature that had not been seen since the days of colonialism (86). But this is not to say that cultural, national, and ethnic differences do not exist or are not significant. Instead this position argues that interculturality i
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Some common words found in the essay are:
La Nuit, War II, Sellin Abdel-Jaouad, Charles Bonn, Kaye Zoubir, Le Gone, Imam Berber, Classical Arabic, Djebar's L'Amour, Djebar Le, francophone literature, sellin abdel-jaouad, kaye zoubir, francophone writers, french language, literature maghreb, colonial period, paris seuil, l'amour la fantasia, maghrtbine literature, ben jelloun, la nuit sacrte, tahar ben jelloun, connection algerian women, l'esprit crtateur 261,
Approximate Word count = 6293
Approximate Pages = 25 (250 words per page)
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