Interrnational Science & Technology Policy

This research reviews the effects on competitiveness, productivity, and innovation of international science and technology policy. The findings of this review are presented in the following discussions: implications for competitiveness, productivity, and innovation; productivity measurement; links between competitiveness and productivity; factors affecting competitiveness and productivity; links between competitiveness, productivity, and innovation; and an appraisal of competitiveness and productivity in Germany and the United States.

Science and Technology Policy: Implications For Competitiveness, Productivity, and Innovation

Technology is defined as "society's pool of applied knowledge concerning how goods and services can be produced by managers, workers, engineers, scientists, and craftspeople, using land and capital." When technology is considered within the context of physical science, it is typically viewed as the application of physical science and engineering technology to human endeavors. This concept emphasizes device effects and procedures. When technology is conceptualized within the context of the behavioral sciences, it is viewed as the application of language and linguistics, communications, cybernetics, and psychometrics to human endeavors. The behavioral science concept of technology incorporates applications of engineering research (

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s for labor. According to Porter, efficiency refers to lowering of costs per unit of output, whereas differentiation refers to the creation of additional value added per unit of output through the improvement of product quality, customization, or improved after-sales services. In both cases productivity is increased, but the mechanism through which it is achieved is different. Links Between Competitiveness, Productivity, and Technological Innovation Technological innovation tends to reduce product cost, and, in turn, cause the demand curve for a product to shift to the right·increase. In some instances, a technological innovation can lead directly to an absolute decrease in product cost. In other instances, a relative decrease in product cost occurs. By improving the performance of computers by a factor of two, as an example, a computer manufacturer reduces the relative cost to consumers of these computers by approximately one-half. Thus, in the absence of competitor responses, and other factors of production and demand remaining equal, the computer manufacturer may reasonably expect the technological innovation to cause the demand curve for the company's computers to shift to the right·to increase. Such a shift in the
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Approximate Word count = 4406
Approximate Pages = 18 (250 words per page)