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Interrnational Science & Technology Policy

INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY: EFFECTS ON COMPETITIVENESS, PRODUCTIVITY, AND INNOVATION

This research reviews the effects on competitiveness, productivity, and innovation of international science and technology policy. The findings of this review are presented in the following discussions: implications for competitiveness, productivity, and innovation; productivity measurement; links between competitiveness and productivity; factors affecting competitiveness and productivity; links between competitiveness, productivity, and innovation; and an appraisal of competitiveness and productivity in Germany and the United States.

Science and Technology Policy: Implications For Competitiveness, Productivity, and Innovation

Technology is defined as "society's pool of applied knowledge concerning how goods and services can be produced by managers, workers, engineers, scientists, and craftspeople, using land and capital." When technology is considered within the context of physical science, it is typically viewed as the application of physical science and engineering technology to human endeavors. This concept emphasizes device effects and procedures. When technology is conceptualized within the context of the behavioral sciences, it is viewed as the application of language and linguistics, communications, cybernetics, and psychometrics to human endeavors. The behavioral science concept of technology incorporates applications of engineering research (particularly human factors engineering), logistics related to the effective use of physical resources, and information science. Technology, thus, is the "conscious invention of ways of acting on the material world to meet our needs."

Innovation, in an economic context, is the introduction of new products, or production processes. Innovation, thus, is technological change. Technological change may involve improvements to non-human resources or new knowledge about h...

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Interrnational Science & Technology Policy. (1969, December 31). In LotsofEssays.com. Retrieved 15:54, March 28, 2024, from https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1696162.html