Federal Law & Software Piracy & Hacking Computer Software Piracy, Hacking, and Federal L

This paper will discuss current Federal law relating to software piracy and hacking. The section on piracy will concentrate on Federal copyright laws and how they are applied to combat software piracy. It should be noted that the copyrightability of all aspects of software has not yet been firmly established by the copyright laws, although the 1980 amendments to the Copyright Act of 1976 did explicitly include certain aspects of software within the Act's protection. Federal court cases remain divided as to the extent of protection afforded to software. Similarly, the laws concerning hacking are not all-inclusive, primarily because there is some confusion as to whether certain types of hacking, particularly the simple accessing of certain computers, constitute crimes.

Software piracy has been a problem ever since software has been published. As more and more programs have been published, however, the problem has become even larger. Software piracy essentially consists of copying programs published by a software manufacturer; such copies are usually for the personal use of the copier, although an increasing problem is that of copiers selling the copies. The Software Publishers Association (SPA) estimates that U.S. software manufacturers, who produce most of the world's software, lose about $2 billion every year in lost sales due to piracy. The SPA estimates that in 1990 pirated software siphoned off $2.4 billion in

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thical standards. This new crackdown on piracy has been immensely aided by amendments to the Copyright Act in 1992 which made the illegal copying of software a felony, instead of a misdemeanor. These new amendments make it a felony to willfully make ten or more copies of copyrighted works with a retail value of more than $2500 within a 180-day period. If convicted, an individual could receive a prison term of five years and a $250,000 fine; an organization could be fined $500,000 or twice the gross gain from the offense. It must be remembered that a program must be registered as a copyrighted in order for the criminal penalties to apply; similarly, a program must be registered with the U.S. Copyright Office in order for its owner to be able to sue for infringement. This requirement is presently being reconsidered by Congress in the Copyright Reform Act of 1993; the proposed revisions would allow U.S. software makers to sue for infringement without first registering with the Copyright Office. The first raid testing the new felony provisions was conducted by FBI, with the assistance of the SPA, in February of 1993 when Rusty & Edie's, the third largest bulletin board in the U.S., was shut down. There is some concern that the
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Approximate Word count = 1861
Approximate Pages = 7 (250 words per page)