Pragmatic Orientations in TESOL Introduction Th

Unfortunately, we still know relatively little about how people learn--in spite of a profuse literature over at least a century. This literature reveals disparate and often conflicting theories and practices in the teaching of second language. Note that second language is not necessarily second. Immigrant children, for example, are apt to speak the language native to their parents and, in addition, the language of the new country. Adolescents and adults may have been the victims of traditional language learning at school, so that the jump to modern methods is rendered all the more difficult; on the other hand, they may also have acquired techniques of learning which work for the individual learner. Yet primary to the implementation of a TESOL methodology is

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always corrected so as to prevent bad-habit formation. Positive reinforcement, on the other hand, helps develop good habits. The major objective of the method is the acquisition of a limited number of linguistic patterns which become automatic. Rules are thus induced. Language is inseparable from cultural context. Pronunciation is stressed right from the start. Pragmatics: If the Direct Method appeals to the teacher (and to the school!) and is appropriate for the target-population, then audiolingualism is nothing but a richer variation on the same theme and is well worth considering. Let us note that many cultures have induced such a rigidity in classroom decorum and cognitive discipline that clowning in front of a class will diminish the teacher in the eyes of the students and lead to a psychological block in learning. Thus, culture, age, goal, and the school system's attitude toward the process and appearance of teaching and teachers need be considered before venturing on even the best method. The Cognitive Method Procedures and characteristics: Pedagogical approaches are cyclical. The reaction to the simplistic and mechanistic approaches of behaviorism thus led back to more traditional concepts. With some variations, th
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