White Collar Employees & Alcoholism

In contemporary American society, the "use of certain substances to modify mood or behavior under certain circumstances is generally regarded as normal and appropriate. Such use includes recreational drinking of alcohol, in which a majority of adult Americans participate . . ." (American Psychiatric Association, 1987, p. 165). Problems develop when "maladaptive behavioral changes associated with the more or less regular use of psychoactive substances that affect the central nervous system" appear (American Psychiatric Association, 1987, p. 165). For all psychoactive substances, including alcohol, "pathological use is categorized as either Psychoactive Substance Dependence or the residual diagnosis Psychoactive Substance Abuse" (American Psychiatric Association, 1987, p. 165). The essential feature of Psychoactive Substance Dependence is an indication that a "person has impaired control of psychoactive substance use and continues use of the substance despite adverse consequences" (American Psychiatric Association, 1987, p. 166). Substance dependence is "conceptualized as having different degrees of severity . . . mild, moderate, and seve

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es of illnesses experienced were related to the number of life event changes, which were called life change units (LCUs). As a general rule, these studies found that: (1) fewer than 150 LCUs per year correlated with good health in the succeeding year; (2) from 151to300 LCUs per year correlated with illness by 50 percent of clients in the succeeding year; and (3) more than 300 LCUs per year correlated with illness by 70 percent of the clients in the succeeding year (Rabkin and Struening, 1976, pp. 3154). The SRRS weighted life changes according to gravity. The death of a spouse was accorded greater weight than was retirement from a job, as an example. It is significant to note that positive as well as negative life changes were included in the SRRS. The SRRS research recognized that stressors came in many forms (Holmes and Rahe, 1976, pp. 246277). The weighting of life event changes was designed to demonstrate the magnitude of stressoutcomes which could be anticipated. While the SRRS studies provided valuable insights into the relationship between stress and life events, the studies were often statistically flawed (Rabkin and Struening, 1976, pp. 3154). Thus, while the relationships developed in the studies a
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Approximate Word count = 6582
Approximate Pages = 26 (250 words per page)

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