EAP Intervention & Substance Abuse INTRODUCTION This study examined the

In contemporary American society, the "use of certain substances to modify mood or behavior under certain circumstances is generally regarded as normal and appropriate. Such use includes recreational drinking of alcohol, in which a majority of adult Americans participate . . ." (American Psychiatric Association, 1987, p. 165). Problems develop when "maladaptive behavioral changes associated with the more or less regular use of psychoactive substances that affect the central nervous system" appear (American Psychiatric Association, 1987, p. 165). For all psychoactive substances, including alcohol, "pathological use is categorized as either Psychoactive Substance Dependence or the residual diagnosis Psychoactive Substance Abuse" (American Psychiatric Association, 1987, p. 165). The essential feature of Psychoactive Substance Dependence is an indication that a "person has impaired control of psychoactive substance use and continues use of the substance despite adverse consequences" (American Psychiatric Association, 1987, p. 166). Substance dependence is "conceptualized as having different degrees of severity . . . mild, moderate, and sever

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when EAPs were structured primarily to provide benefits to individual participants than when the charters for such programs placed the explicit emphasis on benefits for the organization (Ramanathan, 1992, pp. 234239. That a selfserving approach to EAPs by organizations yields fewer benefits than does an approach emphasizing employee benefits was confirmed by a federallysponsored study also conducted in the mid1980s (Steel, 1984, pp. 3645). In addition to the goal orientation of EAPs, a number of other factors have been found to be associated with the effectiveness of such programs. Iutcovich and Calderone (1984, pp. 4860) found that the factor that most affected EAP effectiveness was the stage of alcoholism characterizing individual program participants at the time of entry into an EAP. This study found that earlystage problem drinkers were the least likely to succeed in an EAP. This same study found that those participants most likely to succeed in an EAP were those who (1) were referred to the EAP by their union, (2) participated in the program for a period of fourto24 months, (3) consistently attended counseling sessions, (4) complied with treatment programs, and (5) were discharged from the program through the m
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Buller Rollins, Psychiatric Association, Literature Personnel, Iutcovich Calderone, Collins Marlatt, Larson Casey, EAP Programs, 1984 pp, McGoldrick Pearce, Burkhart Green, Veum Pergamit, 1989 pp, ramanathan 1992, 1992 pp, 1992 pp 234239, ramanathan 1992 pp, pp 234239, 1984 pp 3645, roman 1989, steel 1984, pp 3645, sudduth 1984, steel 1984 pp, 234239 roman, 1989 pp 169193,
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