Human Rights Violations CHAPTER IV

Human rights violations in the Middle East continue. Amnesty International, in its Annual Report Summary (1990), reported sharp increases in the number of executions in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Torture was reported to be widespread in Morocco, Iran, Egypt, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia, and also was reported in Algeria, Yemen, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Syria, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates.

To the Western public, these are all grouped together as Muslim (or even as "Arab") nations and societies, and all of their humanrights abuses are liable to be laid at the door of Islam. Yet it will be noted that many of the worst Middle Eastern humanrights abusers are under nonIslamic  often, indeed, rigidly secular  regimes. The plainest examples of this are Iraq and Syria, ruled by different wings of the socialist Baath

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hhabi reformist religious movement upon a region which had since the Prophet Muhammad's time been in a nearly continual state of anarchy. Nearly all Third World states, in and out of the Middle East, thus suffer from a nearpermanent crisis of legitimacy. Their subject populations often have minimal "national" feelings, and even less feeling of loyalty to the existing regime. In these conditions, three factors may impel regimes into a pattern of harsh rule which results in numerous humanrights abuses. These are their own fear of domestic or foreign enemies, the desire to put these enemies in a comparable fear of themselves, and ideological zeal. The first two are closely related. Having shallow roots, these regimes often are correct in perceiving themselves to be surrounded by enemies. Their nation's recent histories often reveal a pattern of coups or other violent changes of regime, and the losers of these contests often suffered not only loss of position and power, but lost their lives. Living in fear, and unable to count on any depth of loyalty from the populations they govern, they are likely to fall back on fear as a policy, as a means of keeping their enemies at bay. The recent behavior o
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