Perception and reality of horsedrawn transport in England,
Our image of horsedrawn transport as "traditional," unchanging, belonging to a vague longago.
In fact, however, horsedrawn transport showed a steady development, which culminated in the period covered.
II. THE ECONOMICS OF TRANSPORT
A. Transportation and Economic Development
Transportation shaped by overall economic development; in turn helps determine economic possibilities. Limitations of transport determine level of economic specialization in society.
B. Economic Theory of Transport
Characteristics of transport economics; relationship between fixed facilities and vehicles.
1. Vehicles The Mobile Component
Vehicle system includes crew, horses, etc. Additional or larger vehicles (or higher speeds) are needed to increase capacity. Concept of "block speed" (speed including stops, servicing, etc.
2. RightofWay The Fixed Component
Efficient roads (or canals, etc) require heavy fixed investment; allow higher speed and greater capacity. Once in place, they can support traffic to capacity limit with little additional cost.
3. The Limits of PreIndustrial Transport
III. TRANSPORTATION GEOGRAPHY OF ENGLAND
Most English economic life concentrated around London and the "home counties."
Low, relatively flat areas had most of the rural population, and were relatively favorable to transport.
1. Inland Water Transport
Navigable inland rivers limited, but lowland topography favored canal development.
Primitive roads sufficed for limited traffic. Improved roads needed for higher speeds and allweather capability (important in the English climate).
Wales, in particular, important for mining industry.
Prior to transport improvements, upland areas often isolated. Roads important for political control in Scottish highlands.
2. ...