History of Transportation I. INTRODUCTION Perception and realit

Our image of horsedrawn transport as "traditional," unchanging, belonging to a vague longago.

In fact, however, horsedrawn transport showed a steady development, which culminated in the period covered.

II. THE ECONOMICS OF TRANSPORT

A. Transportation and Economic Development

Transportation shaped by overall economic development; in turn helps determine economic possibilities. Limitations of transport determine level of economic specialization in society.

B. Economic Theory of Transport

Characteristics of transport economics; relationship between fixed facilities and vehicles.

1. Vehicles  The Mobile Component

Vehicle system includes crew, horses, etc. Additional or larger vehicles (or higher speeds) are needed to increase capacity. Concept of "block speed" (speed including stops, servicing, etc.

2. RightofWay  The Fixed Component

Efficient roads (or canals, etc) require heavy fixed investment; allow higher speed and greater capacity. Once in place, they can support traffic to capacity limit with little additional cost.

3. The Limits of PreIndustrial Transport

. . .
boat  comparable speed in most applications; much greater capacity. 1. Open Water Sailing ship dominant in open water. Importance of coastal traffic. 2. Inland Water Boats used in inland waters. (a) Sail and Oar Sail usable only in roomy waterways. Oar and currentdrift/poling in broader rivers (e.g., lower Thames), etc. (b) AnimalDrawn Animal (horse) haulage only suited to narrow rivers and canals. Universal in canal service. VII INLAND WATER TRANSPORTATION A. Natural Waterways Limited available of navigable rivers in England; however, lower Thames a very important transportation route. B. Canals Canals a major element of inland freight transportation. 1. Technology Canal technology at a high level by 1750, but continued to evolve. (a) Locks Canal locks needed to conquer gradients. (b) Earthworks and Tunnels Earthworks and tunnels needed in hillier areas. Lasting impact (e.g., the term "navvy" for later rail and highway workers). 2. Expansion of the Canal Network Development of the canal transport from 1750. VIII L
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