STRESS AND HEALTH This research provides an over

Stress has long been recognized as a major contributor to the onset of significant physical and mental health problems in individuals (Kaplan and Sadock, 1990). Over the past decade, stress has also been implicated as an adverse factor in abilities of individuals to function effectively in organizational environments.

Stress research is traced to the formulation of the general adaptation syndrome in the 1930s by H. Selye (Kaplan and Sadock, 1990). As a medical student, Selye observed that most sick people appeared to have common characteristics, but that the sickness syndrome per se was not being studied. He based his theory on the concept of homeostasis, defined as the body's ability to maintain stability or constancy within its living organism. Selye extended the concept of homeostasis to damage resulting from the interaction of a force, or stressor, and the resistance, or adaptation, to that force.

Selye eventually came to consider the possibility that a variety of damaging influences, or stressors, could produce the same reactions, or stress outcomes, within an organism. He theorized that, if it could be shown that the organism had a general nonspecific reactionpattern with which it could meet damage caused by a variety of diseaseproducers,

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mes increases with an increase in the quantity of stressors in the environment. 4. The extent of damage resulting from the perceived presence of stressors in the environment tends to increase, as the quantity of stressors perceived to be in the environment increases. 5. A given quality or quantity of stressors in the environment will not produce similar stress outcomes in all individuals. 6. There are no stress quality or quantity threshold levels, above which negative stress outcomes will be induced in all individuals. Stress in most life situations is directly associated with the psychological concept of stress. In any individual life, or in any organizational environment, stress may produce either positive or negative results. In police work, as an example, it has been demonstrated that a stress debriefing subsequent to a critical incident (typically one in which a person is either seriously injured or is killed) is essential if stress is to be effectively managed by the police officers involved in the incident (Conroy, 1990). For police officers, as well as for persons engaged in a wide variety of other highpressure occupations, it has also been demonstrated that stress levels increase wh
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