Results of a Research Study
Results
In order to test the stud
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In order to test the study's two research hypotheses, frequencies of white space responses to Rorschach Cards I, II, and VII were analyzed at two levels of Gender (male and female) and two levels of Age of Cards (old and new) using a two-way analysis of variance. Descriptive statistics (cell means, marginal means, standard deviations) observed for the white space response data are presented in Table 1. It can be recognized from the magnitude of means and standard deviations that white space responses were not especially frequent for subjects regardless of the Age of cards; for example, the average number of white space responses for the new cards was only a little over one per subject. Nonetheless a significant difference was found. Table 2 presents the findings observed for the conducted analysis of variance. As can be seen from inspection of this table, only one finding was significant. This finding was a main effect observed for the Age of Card variable (F(1,56)=5.13, p=.027). Specifically, the frequency of white space responses was observed to be significantly higher for new cards (Mean=1.20) than for old cards (Mean=0.70). Significant findings were not observed for the Gender variable. In other words, regardless of whether they were exposed to new or to old cards, males and females responded in roughly the same way. Findings did not reveal a significant Gender by Age of Cards interaction. Descriptive Statistics: Cell and Marginal Mean
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review of the literature, frequency of white space responses were said to be related to several psychological processes including:
(1) the flexibility of one's entire perceptual organization (Gill & Schafer, 1968);
(2) the degree of complexity with which subjects construe the world (cognitive flexibility and differentiation) (Tegtmeyer & Gordon, 1983);
(3) oppositionality defined as indecisiveness and contrariness (Allen, 1978); and
(4) ability to perceive the world in a more varied manner (Tegtmeyer & Gordon, 1983).
In addition, there are a number of other clinical features believed to be associated with patients' white space responses. Martin, MaKinster and Pfaadt (1983), for example, in their investigation of the Rorschach white space responses, found evidence that, in a sample of college undergraduates, white space frequencies were related to ego strength, degree of conformity or lack thereof, and self-esteem.
Also, Kaur and Kapur (1983), who compared the Rorschach test performance of 30 hysteric and 30 normal 15 45 year olds, found that the hysterics gave fewer responses and took longer to respond. They also gave a larger number of small details and fewer white space responses.
Finally, Yalom (1989) exam
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Approximate Word count = 2556
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page)
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