Organic Chemistry & Compounds
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Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry dealing with carbon compounds. In all branches of chemistry, atoms are formed from a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons which are located in orbitals around the nucleus (3). Different orbitals have different shapes, and different energy levels. The lowest energy arrangement of an atom is called its ground-state electron configuration, and can be predicted because the lowest energy levels are filled first; there can be only two electrons per level; and if two or more empty orbitals of equal energy exist, one electron occupies each until all orbitals are half full (5). S orbitals are spherical and p orbitals are shaped like a dumbbell. There are two basic types of chemical bonds: ionic bonds, usually found in inorganic salts, and resulting from the unlike charges of the atoms in the molecules; and covalent bonds found in organic molecules, which involve the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms (7). Energy flows out of a chemical system when a bond is formed. Atoms bond together because the compound they form is more stable than the separate atoms. Electron sharing occurs when the orbitals of two atoms overlap. Head-on covalent bonds are called ? bonds, and covalent bonds formed by sideways overlap of p orbitals are called ? bonds. When organic compounds form single bonds, the carbon atom has four equivalent sp3 hybrid orbitals and has a tetrahedral geometry. When t
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ediate. The true structure of an allylic carbocation cannot be represented by a line-bond representation because it is a resonance hybrid somewhere intermediate between two contributing resonance forms (123). The two resonance forms differ only in the location of a double bond and a lone pair of electrons.
Many simple alkenes can undergo polymerization when they are treated with a radical catalyst (119). Polymers are large molecules composed of repetitive bonding together of smaller monomeric units. The reaction begins with the formation of a small number of radicals generated by the catalyst. Polymerization occurs when the radicals add to another reactant molecule, and this step may be repeated many hundred of times to form large polymers. When there are no more radicals produced, the polymerization stops.
Alkynes are hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon triple bonds, and much of their chemistry is similar to that of alkenes (128). They can react with 1 equivalent of HBr or HCl to produce vinylic halides, and with one equivalent of Br2 or Cl2 to produce 1,2-dihalides. They can also be hydrated by aqueous sulfuric acid if mercuric sulfate is present as a catalyst. This reaction leads to the production of an interm
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Some common words found in the essay are:
Br2 Cl2, CnH2n+2 Alkanes, HBr HI, E2 E1, , SOCl2 PBr2, H+ Bronsted-Lowry, C=O Conjugated, double bond, carbon atom, aldehydes ketones, alkyl halides, HBr HCl, alkyl halide, organic molecules, double bonds, secondary alcohols, bonds carbon, carbonyl compounds, McMurry John, carbon atom equivalent, bonds carbon atom, carbon-carbon double bond, primary alkyl halide, -unsaturated carbonyl compound,
Approximate Word count = 4342
Approximate Pages = 17 (250 words per page)
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