The Middle East in the 1950s & the U.S.
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The United States in the 1950s worked to draw the Middle Eastern countries into a broader military scheme that would encompass the region as a whole, but this proved impossible as the Arab world was reluctant to enter into such an arrangement. In some areas in the North, the Soviet menace was ever present, and the United States turned her attention in this direction. The Baghdad Pact of 1955 was part of this effort and united in a military alliance three non-Arab countries (Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan), one Arab country (Iraq), and one Western country (Britain). The U.S. did not formally adhere in part out of fear that it would alienate forever the revolutionary regime in Egypt and elsewhere in the Arab world, but American civil and military representatives were active on various committees of the Baghdad Pact organization. While the Baghdad Pact was not very successful in terms of its mission of the defense of the Middle East, it began a period when the United States was exposed to a chain reaction as various political moves deepened the cleavage between itself and the Arab nationalists. For a time, there was a gain in American prestige as Egypt's leader, Nasser, and other Arab nationalists gave gratitude for the American stand on the Suez War. This was dissipated, however, with the endorsement by the U.S. of the principle of freedom of navigation in the Gulf of Aqaba and with the policy statement of 1957 that was known as the Eisenhower Doctrine. This was a response
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The Soviet Union has nothing whatsoever to fear from the United States in the Middle East, or anywhere else in the world, so long as its rulers do not themselves first resort to aggression.
This produced a response from the Russians that this was an anti-Soviet speech, a subject which did take up a good deal of the speech. A Russian news source, Tass, reported,
In his message, which abounds in anti Soviet remarks, the President, describing the present situation in the Middle East as "critical," demanded the authority to use the armed forces of the United States in the Middle East at any moment be might consider it necessary, without asking for the consent of Congress as is envisaged in the country's Constitution. The President of the United States also demanded that he be empowered to render military and economic "aid" to the countries of the Middle East. It is envisaged, specifically, that 200 million dollars will be spent for "economic support" to countries of that area (Halsall).
Eisenhower refers to various Soviet interests in the region, most of them economic, and also notes how dependent Europe and the West has become on oil form this region. He also cites a strategic value in the region when he notes,
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Some common words found in the essay are:
Middle East, Eisenhower Doctrine, United Nations, Congress January, Europe West, Iraq Western, Baghdad Pact, Egypt Jordan, Heights Syrians, Middle Eastern, middle east, eisenhower doctrine, arab world, baghdad pact, united nations, assistance- the eisenhower doctrine, international communism, united middle, world peace, civil war, american commitment, security assistance- the eisenhower, united middle east,
Approximate Word count = 1515
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page)
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