ULYSSES S. GRANT
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This essay reviews Geoffrey Perret's biography of Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885). The book's historical significance lies in its explanations of Grant's role in the major events in which he was a significant participant, as the architect and leader of decisive Union victories in the West, the leadership he provided to the hitherto relatively ineffective Army of the Potomac as it defeated Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia during the final year of the Civil War, Grant's ambiguous position during the presidency of Andrew Johnson and his own somewhat lackluster presidency (1868-1876). The book is organized chronologically, beginning with Grant's humble origins on the Middle Western frontier, his education at West Point, his early development as a young army officer, his marriage to Julia Dent, his experiences in the Mexican War, his premature resignation from the Army in 1854, his failures in civilian life on the eve of the Civil War, his campaigns and meteoric rise to national prominence during the war, his subsequent service as Chief of Staff in Washington, his experiences in national politics and as president, and his travels and various tragedies which marked the last phase of his life before he succumbed to esophageal cancer at the age of 63. As Perret admits in his acknowledgements, he relies almost entirely on sources, both primary and secondary, first used by other historians and biographers. The central theme of the book is that the inter
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ons, Grant remained cool and detached. Even when things went poorly, as they did during much of his early career, he never gave up, but kept plodding ahead. Persistence and tenacity were the hallmarks of his career. Even as he approached death from painful disease, his iron will enabled him to write his highly coherent memoirs, the proceeds from which saved his family from bankruptcy. He possessed a great deal of confidence in his own ability which enabled him to keep his head when those around him lost theirs. Perret said "his confidence seemed to expand the more closely he courted a violent and sudden death. He never flinched, never showed alarm, never gave the least indication of fear." Two of his greatest military accomplishments arose out near defeats, his conduct of a fighting retreat and saving his command after the bloody Battle of Shiloh in 1862 and in breaking the Confederate siege of Chattanooga in 1863.
Grant was no intellectual but had above-average capacity for abstract reasoning, as attested by his proficiency in mathematics. His basic gifts were pragmatic common sense and an intuitive tactical grasp of situations. According to Perret, "he possessed an ability to read a battle as other men read a book, without e
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Approximate Word count = 1391
Approximate Pages = 6 (250 words per page)
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