EDUCATION IN MODERN SPAIN
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This research paper reviews the history of efforts to modernize the educational system in Spain, including an analysis of right and leftwing political forces and parties, since the late 19th century through the present. After several centuries of intellectual stagnation and cultural and political decay, the emergence of political liberalism in 19th century Spain provided the impetus for initial educational reforms which were largely stymied by the weight of tradition, Spain's uneven economic and political development and the polarization of Spanish politics over divisive Church-state issues. The fierce and violent controversy over the ambitious educational reforms of the left of center Spanish Republic (1931-1936) prevented their implementation. After the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War, educational reform was shelved until the latter stages of the regime of Francisco Franco. The processes of economic modernization and political maturation and moderation which characterized Spain in the 1970s and subsequently during Spain's transition to democracy ushered in sustained and comprehensive educational reforms which are transforming the Spanish educational system at all levels. State of Spain's Educational System in 1875 By the late 18th century, Spain had undergone a long period of cultural, intellectual and political decline. Little was left of what Payne called "the flowering of Spanish education and culture" which reached its apogee in the 16th century, El
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ol over the private sector of secondary education by insisting on state qualifications for all teachers, and examining boards which should not favour Catholic schools (491).
The 1890s saw the emergence of the technocratic variety of liberalism led by Joaquin Costa which later became influential in the Ministry of Education, which was founded in 1900. Costa called for an acceleration of public education as a means of fostering economic growth, even if that meant rule by an educated elite oligarchy.
1923-1930. Following his coup d'etat in 1923, military dictator Primo de Rivera did little in the area of public education. However, economic growth and urbanization between 1910 and 1930 led to a further decline by almost 9 percent of the illiteracy rate during the 1920s and a doubling of the university student population (Payne 24).
Education under the Second Spanish Republic (1931-1936). Disenchantment with the excesses of the Rivera dictadura, in which university student demonstrations figured prominently, and deteriorating economic conditions, led to Rivera's fall and the abdication of Alfonso XIII in the spring of 1931. During the five years leading to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, Spanish politics were
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Some common words found in the essay are:
Concordat Catholicism, Catholic Church, According Spain, Solsten Meditz, Spanish Republic, Blough Socialists, , Ministry Education, Castillo Liberals, Andalucia Anarchists, secondary schools, educational system, civil war, educational reform, private schools, public education, catholic church, spanish civil war, 19th century, spanish civil, public schools, percent 1993 perez-diaz, schools including religious, including religious schools, late 1950s 1960s,
Approximate Word count = 3425
Approximate Pages = 14 (250 words per page)
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