Effect of Mozart's Music

Wilson and Brown (1997) report on an experiment reexamining the effect found in earlier experiments when Mozart's music was played and improved spatial-task performance. These earlier experiments suggested that listening to Mozart's music enhances performance on mathematical and spatial-reasoning tasks. this experiment was intended to test this earlier outcome. In the experiment, 22 college undergraduates listened to a presentation of Mozart's music, and they were then examined under carefully controlled experimental conditions. Each subject performed a pencil-and-paper maze task after a ten-minute presentation under each of three listening conditions--1) a piano concerto by Mozart; 2) repetitive relaxation music; and 3) silence. The mazes used varied in the complexity of solution and in their size. There were nine such mazes in three sets.

The researchers used a 3 x 3 square design in which both the listening conditions and the complexity of the maze were within-subject, and the participants were randomly assigned to one of three presentation orders for the listening conditions. one presentation order was examined on each of the separate days, and the same tape-recorded instructions were used for each group. the researchers focused on four measures o maze performance--they first counted the number of mazes completed within each condition as an overall measure of performance; a second accuracy measure was made with a count for each maze of the number of times a pers

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on, but some of the plagiarized versions were misidentified as having been correctly paraphrased by as many as 40 to 50 percent of the students suggesting that students are often unclear as to what constitutes plagiarism and correct forms of paraphrasing. This test was based on the rising concern about college cheating, and one type of cheating that has drawn considerable attention is plagiarism, which in this case means writing without a citation and with superficial modifications from the original. the author notes that plagiarism may vary from subtle to more extreme. The subjects in the first study were 316 undergraduate students from two private colleges. The written versions of the text were use, and all but two were plagiarized in various degrees from blatant to more subtle forms. the plagiarism criteria were approved by four independent judges. In the second study, the subjects were after informal student feedback in which many students reported that as long as the original author was acknowledged, they did not believe it was improper to take portions of text with little or no modification and to use it in their own writing. The citations were removed from some versions of the text for this second study, and studen

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