THE POLITICS OF NEGOTIATION Factors in the Dynami

This concern with outward institutional forms is still characteristic of much public discourse and activity, and specifically of activities undertaken by Western countries and NGOs. For this reason, Marina Ottaway charactizes this formalist conception of democracy as the "donor model" (2003, pp. 12-13). However, students of democracy and democratization are looking increasingly at the relationship between formal and informal structures and sources of power in a society.

The rhetoric of democracy has always acknowledged some underlying social conditions as necessary for or favorable to democracy: terms such as "civil society" and civitas convey this traditional awareness. However, the modern emergence of what Ottaway describes as semi-authoritarian states has brought sharper focus to this discussion. Semi-authoritarian systems have multiple parties and contested elections, but the ruling party always wins handily. An independent press exists, but papers are sporadically closed and editors sometimes j

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edit for standing up to overbearing foreigners. E. State formation. For a state to be democratized it must exist (Ottaway, 2003, pp. 204-205). Otherwise, the challenge of state formation exists alongside that of democratization. In one sense it might seem to be easier to construct a democracy in the absence of pre-existing authoritarian state structures. However, a power vacuum draws in forces that seek to fill it, and when state structures are absent, these are apt to resemble states within a state, for example with militias. Such forces rarely have democratic impulses. State formation may be required not only in obvious cases, such as postwar reconstructions, but also in cases such as Azerbaijan, where state formation was so incomplete that an Azerbaijani state could only nominally be said to exist (Ottaway, 2003, pp. 203-204). F. Institutions, not simply organizations. This is in a sense another dimension of the principle that democracy can only take hold if democratic politics matters, and that formalisms must be matched by some degree of substance. Institutions are not simply organizational frameworks; they arise from habits of thought within organizations (Ottaway, 2003, pp. 219-21). Some critical mass of organiz
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Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page)