EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1 "Educational

Teaching is considered an art and a science. As an art, the teacher must know the subject completely and be able to communicate this knowledge to the student. This communication involves perception, cooperation, and appreciation. Teachers develop their own effective style of teaching. Teaching as a science includes new instructional methods that are empirically identified as effective. Multicultural classrooms further challenge the scientific method of analysis used to assist educational researchers (problem identification, formulation of goal steps, data gathering, and data interpretation).

Quality in schools or education refers to effectiveness; TQM (Total Quality Management) is a conceptual framework for understanding system complexity. Aspects of TQM that are helpful to educational psychology include emphasis on intrinsic motivation and process, and the recognition of individual differences. Educational psychology focuses on what it means to teach, instruction, the learning process, knowing student characteristics, and assessing objective attainment.

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(same classroom) or tracking (separate classrooms). The least restrictive environment mandate means that student's lives are to be as normal as possible with removal from the regular classroom as infrequent as possible; mainstreaming places handicapped students in regular classrooms. About 3 percent to 5 percent of the school population fits the gifted category and schools frequently fail to challenge these students. Acceleration (permits regular school programs to be completed in less time) and enrichment (furnishing additional, challenging experiences) assist the gifted student. The enrichment triad model, consisting of exploration, skill building, and research into real problems, assists the gifted student and is popular with teachers. Sensory handicaps include the visually and hearing impaired. Communication disorders include speech and language problems that may be unrelated to sensory or cognitive problems. Physical/health impairment, behavior disorders, learning and cognitive disabilities, result in handicap. Assessment is critical and labeling must be avoided. Multicultural students also require special consideration. Chapter 7 "Behavioral psychology and learning." Pavlov introduced classical conditioning
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Approximate Word count = 3285
Approximate Pages = 13 (250 words per page)

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