The ideas contained in the The Communist Manifesto reflect less a political science than a political theory a notion concerning the conditions that drive men to revolution. The tensions that Marx describes are endemic not to the 19th century, but to the human race, and therefore this work will retain its relevance so long as human beings exist. Indeed, Marx's theoretical perspective is grounded in economics; he contextualizes this when he begins The Communist Manifesto with the assertion that "the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." In this, the struggle he defines in The Communist Manifesto is not unique; it is merely latest in a series of class struggles that have beset the human race since the first society was created. It is the human condition that is the catalyst for such struggles, not the age itself. Though capitalism agitates the nature of the bi-polar antagonism of the classes, this is not to say that it is for capitalism that this antagonism exists. Rather, it is inherent in human nature that we struggle in this way, with each successive phase of human existence bringing opposing sides into conflict.
Because all humans are, in Marx's view, productive by nature, means that we must all be allowed to create and develop in accordance with that nature if we are to flourish. It is precisely for this that in The Communist Manifesto Marx declares the capitalist system to be deeply flawed. On this view, the capital
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