Middle East Terrorist Actions Analysis Introduction

The effectiveness of the terrorist actions directed at Americans also varied widely. The Tehran embassy hostage crisis of 197981 helped precipitate the fall of the Carter Administration (Sick, 1991). The bombing of the Marine barracks drove the U.S. forces out of Lebanon (Hanle, 1989, p. 116), and the kidnapping and hostageholding of Americans in Beirut through the decade led to armsforhostages sales to Iran by the Reagan Administration, and ultimately helped to set the stage for the IranContra scandal. (The roots of the armsforhostages sales and thus of IranContra may, however, go back to the Tehran embassy hostage crisis; see Sick, 1991.) The hijacking of an American airliner from Athens to Beirut in June of 1985 led to U.S. pressure on Israel for the release of se

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ld have enjoyed a dramatic propaganda victory, and the Iranians would have found few other countries willing to endorse its protests. The benefits of the hostage takeover were less obvious, and may not have been recognized in advance. The taking of numerous hostages in a newsworthy way had been seen previously only in the course of airliner hijackings (Clutterback, 1987, pp. 1921). Hijackings, however, are almost inherently a timelimited operation. Jerliners can only be landed at major airstrips, and airplane fuselages become uninhabitable in a short period of time. Hijacking dramas must therefore come to a swift end, either by the freeing of the passengers, their murder, or their transfer to some other place of captivity. The last can only be done if the hijackers have full control of the region around the airport. This in turn requires either anarchic conditions such as those in Lebanon in the 1980s, or a government willing to lend swift and full cooperation to the hijackers. In practice, no government has done the latter, possibly for fear of retaliation in the form of a cutoff of all international air service to its country. In spite of their time limitations, airline hijackings have demonstrated the g
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