International Relations Dougherty, James E. and Pfaltzgraff, Robert L.,

Theories of International Ralations. Philadelphia: J. B.

Lippincott Company, 1971. Chapter 1.

This chapter reviews theoretical approaches to international relations. The authors' premise is that a review of existing theories will improve understanding. The "utopian" and "realist" schools of thought are compared and contrasted, and the historical shift from idealism to realism after World War II is discussed.

An approach for developing a systematic theory is proposed. The authors stress the need to clarify what it being studied, to determine the level of analysis, examine the relationship between theory and practice, and to clarify what is expected from theory. When developing theory, there is a need to identify recurring patterns. Theory is put in perspective: it is a framework that helps us organize knowledge, but it is a generalization that focuses on what is uniform, not what is unique.

Dougherty, James E. and Pfaltzgraff, Robert L., Jr. Contending

Theories of International Ralations. Philadelphia: J. B.

Lippincott Company, 1971. Chapter 3.

This chapter reviews realist theories and their application at the international level. Realism acknowledges that power and conflict dominate international relations, and that peace is best pursued through power management. The authors examine the works of numerous writers, both critics and advocates, of realism.

Limitations and contributions of realism a

. . .
d into two major blocks by World War II. Waltz sees advantages in having two major powers but acknowledges that power does not necessarily bring control. Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. Power and Interdependence. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1977. Chapter 1. The authors examine the role of interdependence in global affairs arguing that neither modernists nor traditionalists have adequate frameworks for understanding global interdependence. Several models are developed for understanding interdependence, and conditions are explored which produce satisfactory explana-tions. Economic factors are considered to be a key element of modern interdependence. The authors argue that the symbolic power of the term "national security" has declined as interdependence has grown. It is their premise that "balance of power" and "national security" are no longer well suited to analyzing the problems of economic interdependence in the world. The implications of inderdependence are that new forms of conflict will arise, and that "power" has become more complex. It is no longer primarily military power, but the power to control outcomes that is most important. Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. Power and Interdependence. Bost
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