Models of Child Development What are the determinants of child

Historically, nativism attributes the substantial bulk of developmental outcomes to inborn factors. Contemporary nativism (see: Scarr, 1992) is an evolutionary perspective which views child development as arising from innate capacities, e.g. physiogenetic, biochemical and neural structures and processes. In this view, people are what they were programmed (genetically determined maturational processes) and wired (physical, neurochemical factors) to be.

Regarding the role of the environment, it can be noted that the notion that the environment determines developmental outcomes is not acceptable to the nativists. Instead, they view the environment in which children act as one of perceptual construction by the child given his innate programming. In other words, children are viewed as "making" their own environments.

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's learning takes place. A child's actual level of functioning is described by the mental processes that he or she already can regulate, the situations in which he or she can act independently and autonomously. The same child's potential level of functioning is described by the psychological functions that he or she is just beginning to master. At this level of potential functioning, a child still needs someone else's help. The zone of proximal development represents the area between a child's actual and potential levels of functioning, an area of readiness or sensitivity. As an adult makes demands on a child that are just beyond the child's grasp--perhaps by asking probing questions or setting up intriguing problems---the child has to stretch mentally to solve or make sense of the problem. The child actively struggles for a solution and even internalizes the route to the solution. Of course if the adult makes the task too easy or too hard, the child does not struggle after the solution and makes no progress. A child will be flushed with excitement as his teacher gives him addition and subtraction problems that are just at the edge of his comprehension, but he will be crestfallen when the problems are too simple or too a
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