Electronic Troubleshooting Most problems in ele

In general, troubleshooting electrical systems requires the evaluation of component parts (Williams, 1995, p. 124). For proper functioning, all electronic equipment must have a power supply (Hart, 1993, p. 10). In most cases, this supply must consist of direct-current (d-c) power. Smaller, portable electronic devices, are typically supplied by batteries. However, with larger systems and increased power requirements, batteries can be both expensive and inconvenient. The most widely available electricity source consists of alternating-current (a-c) line voltage. This alternating current periodically reverses direction. In order to run electronic equipment off such a source, it must first be converted to direct current. This conversion process is called rectification (Olesky, 1992, pp. 5-17).

A typical rectifier is comprised of circuits containing diodes. A diode permits current flow in only one direction. Silicon diodes are generally comprised of both an anode and a cathode. When the anode is positive relative to the cathode, the diode is "forward biased" and conducts electrici

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meter's internal battery should forward bias the diode. Good diodes measure a high resistance in one direction, and a low resistance in the other. Similarly, an ohmmeter can be used to evaluate faulty filter capacitors. Leaky capacitors exhibit characteristics resembling "low resistance shunting" (Olesky, 1992, pp. 17-21). As the capacitor becomes charged, however, the ohmmeter's needle will gradually begin to indicate high-resistance. Open capacitors can be tested using a known good capacitor. Bridging the suspect component with the good capacitor should clear up any ripple voltage. Ohmmeters are also generally used to detect open transformer windings. Such openings may then be soldered back together. In contrast, transformer shorts are more difficult to locate. Transformer manufacturers usually provide windings' resistance values. A short may be indicated by any significant difference between measured and listed resistance values (Olesky, 1992, pp. 17-21). The selection of electrical system replacement components requires the assessment of certain factors. For example, forward current and breakdown voltage should be considered during the selection of diodes. The replacement diode's forward current and breakdow
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