The self-regulation of appetitive impulses
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The self-regulation of appetitive impulses has been studied mostly in pre-school children, looking at their ability to forgo an immediate reward that is less attractive in return for a delayed reward that is more attractive to them (Ayduk et al., 2002). It has been shown that the children psychologically distance themselves from the "hot" quality of the reward (taste of cookies,) by focusing on "cool" cognitive cues (shape of cookies) or by distracting thoughts. These authors hypothesized that thinking of rejection in terms of hot emotional responses would cause more hostility that thinking of it in terms of cool distracting and distancing terms. Their hypothesis was tested on 273 Columbia University graduate students Participants were primed with rejection thoughts by recalling a rejection episode from their past, and were asked to focus on the physiological and emotional aspects of the experience or the characteristics of the physical setting. Control subjects did not receive any instructions. Participants' reaction times to hostile words were then measure to assess hostility, they completed an angry word questionnaire, and wrote an essay describing what they felt and imagined during the experience. Results showed that the hot focus lead to heightened anger, and the use of cool techniques such as distraction and distancing attenuated hostility. Lengua et al (1999) looked at the theoretical model of direct and indirect effects of temperament on threat appraisals, co
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e meaning of a word attracts a subjects' attention rather than its color. They hypothesized that post-traumatic stress disorder patients would exhibit Stroop interference for post traumatic stress disorder words but not for neutral words or words associated with other anxiety disorders, and this hypothesis was borne out by the results. These results are inconsistent with an emotional hypothesis for Stroop interference, but are in accordance with studies which show anxious patients selectively process disorder-specific threat words in the modified Stroop paradigm.
Gunnar et al (2003) looked at peer rejection, temperament, and cortisol activity in preschoolers and hypothesized that in peer-group settings both shy, inhibited and exuberant, under-controlled children would exhibit higher cortisol levels, but these associations would operate through different pathways. They examined 82 children aged three through five years and found that peer rejection was associated with higher levels of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity which acted through both direct and indirect pathways, and was related to temperament. No difference was found between males and female.
Ayduk et al (2000) also looked at rejection and self-regulation
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Columbia University, Scale MAAS, , Norman Shallice, Attentional System, Social Psychology, Mischel Downey, Brown Ryan, RS DG, Baumeister Tice, et al, low sociability, social psychology, somatic complaints, coping strategies, pain somatic, pain somatic complaints, avoidant coping, personality social psychology, complaints emotional, engagement coping, journal personality social, control engagement, somatic complaints emotional, complaints emotional distress,
Approximate Word count = 1899
Approximate Pages = 8 (250 words per page)
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