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The problem with philosophy is the same one that psychology has: it's impossible to be scientific about the subject, because it's man studying man. Nearly all the most meaningful elements of human consciousness are virtually impossible to quantify, delimit, or define with any precision at all. Therefore the scientific method, which depends on precision of measurement and experimentation, and applies only to physical phenomena, is useless as a means of attaining certain knowledge in these areas of inquiry, although it is not without conditional, limited value in some psychological studies.

Epistomology, or the search for certainty in knowledge, has been an enduring preoccupation of philosophers since the Greek Pre-Socratics. The rationalism of the Enlightenment held that rigorous chains of irrefutable logic were unerringly capable of finding truth. Descartes, Kant, Hegel, Spinoza, each criticised their forerunners and contemporaries in ever more refined distinctions about the self, ethics, mathematics, history, and nearly every other area of human existence.