BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS Chapter 3 Conclusion This

hypotheses, given the current state of knowledge and availability of sources, concerning more or less likely scenarios with respect to the possibility that the United States waged biological or germ warfare against its Communist adversaries during the Korean War.

First, no definitive conclusion is possible, due to the continued complete closure of Chinese and North Korean classified archives and the very limited opening of American and Russian wartime files. Second, some recent fragmentary disclosures after the end of the Cold War gleaned from Soviet files suggest that the Communists either completely fabricated or most certainly exaggerated the extent of any American use of biological weapons in North Korea and China. Third, if the Americans did use such weapons there, they did so on a limited scale, primarily for testing purposes, and caused few actual casualties. Fourth, after more than 50 years, none of the powers involved have any legitimate excuse for refusing to open their files to responsible scholars and their failure to do so damages the credibility of both sides.

1. Crane claimed to have seen many American military files which have not been opened to scholars generally and concluded therefrom that the United States could not have used biological warfare during the Korean War. The difficulty with his assertions is that they are not independently verifiable. Endicott & Hagerman have combed the open American archives

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ral motive for experimental use of BW in Korea . . . would be the desire to gauge the utility of these weapons for future warfare" (93). The strong interest of British and American scientists in obtaining empirical evidence of the effects of biological weapons is attested to by repeated mock anthrax attacks by the British in the Bahamas in 1953-1954 and by the U.S. Navy's mock attacks with bacteria in San Francisco Bay in 1950 and by the Army on the New York transit system in 1966 (Harris & Paxman 152-159). Hersh said that Fort Detrick "has used human volunteers since the end of World War II," including Seventh Day Adventists, conscientious objectors during the Vietnam War (106). All this suggests that it would not have been that much of a stretch to experiment with such weapons on 'gooks.' If they did so, Ryan then hxpothesized that there was fabrication of evidence of BW by the Chinese following or at the same time that the United States was carrying out experimental BW attacks. . . . it may be that the Chinese leadership feared or strongly suspected such attacks but could not muster actual therefore commissioned some segment of their government to fabricate it (96). Ryan's speculation along the
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