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direct or compliance-based interventions and paradoxical or defiance based interventions. The former requires the therapist to evoke a compliant attitude on the part of clients, while the latter asks the therapist to spur clients into developing their own strategies for problem amelioration.

Papp (1983) argues that one of the key tasks of the therapist is to create a negotiating environment in which change is identified as necessary and the specific changes or adaptations that will occur are literally "negotiated" among members of the family system. It is important to recognize, says Papp

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