The French Revolution

There had been on-going antagonism between France and its neighbors, especially Austria, due to treaty violations. Ideological differences exacerbated the conflict, also. France declared war on Austria and Prussia in 1792 based on a belief that they were going to support an armed group of emigrant French nobles at Coblentz. When France defeated the Austrians and overran the Netherlands, Britain, Holland, Sardinia and Spain aligned themselves against them. Despite civil war, the French raised the first national conscript army and its forces became successful throughout the region. Through the brilliant military efforts of Napoleon, France conquered Italy, Spain, and most of Germany.

As a result of his conquests, Napoleon transformed the ancient Italian and German political structures. Prussia and Austria were reduced to French

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Catholics in Italy and abroad in addition to all their other problems. France, in turn, suffered through a succession of rulers and regimes. Each ruler lost favor as his government became corrupt, subverted the parliamentary power, practiced favoritism, suppressed civil liberties, or mismanaged the economy. Political divisions and alienation of the middle-class citizens, peasants, and workers from the monarchs took their toll. The February Revolution of 1848 removed the last of the monarchs and established the Second Republic. The Second Republic elected Louis Napoleon as president. Not all of the French people were comfortable peasant farmers. Many French people lived in poverty in the villages as well as Paris. In The French Worker, Traugott shares autobiographies from people who lived during these turbulent times: "I had been working in hatmaking for several years when that trade was threatened with a severe crisis by the manufacture of hats made of wool rather than felt. Because these goods came from England, they were ruining the French hatmaking industry, and the earnings of workers were in decline. Unemployment was getting steadily worse and poverty was on the increase" (368-369). During the second ha
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Approximate Word count = 2384
Approximate Pages = 10 (250 words per page)