DREAMS

Theory Discussion: Freud, Jung, & Horney

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed psychoanalysis. His work formulated the psychoanalytic view of human nature. He explained the personality as a closed energy system, made up of unconscious instincts, biological drives that will be attended to, conscious and unconscious parts (Id, Ego, Super Ego), anxieties, and defense systems (repression, denial, intellectualization). Childhood experiences and biological instincts determined who a person is. Thus human nature was viewed as biologically determined and driven, rather than a conglomerate of learned behaviors to be manipulated or a positive potential for self-actualization (Schultz & Schultz, 1992).

Individuals were viewed by Freud as having a constant amount of energy, or libido. Instincts were those that preserve life (hunger), and pleasure (sex), life force (Eros or love), and death force (Thanatos or death). He saw sexual motivation or life instinct as biologically rooted and demanding satisfaction. Libido was stated to undergo four developmental stages: oral, anal, phallic, and genital; the phallic stage ends with a resolution of the Oedipal conflict. The personality was developed by biologically driven psychosexual forces (Sc

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created a new line of development in psychoanalysis. Her criticisms of Freudian theory included biological reductionism, the privileged role of childhood in the genesis of neurosis, and the central role of the oedipus complex. Opposing concepts included the pathogenic role of cultural phenomena rather than instinctual determinism in neurosis, importance of the present life situation instead of just early childhood in the genesis of neurotic trends, a shift from clinical to character neurosis, and differences in the concept of basic anxiety (Clemmens, 1984; & Ogara, 1984). Horney shared Freud's thoughts on the importance of early childhood, but she proposed that basic anxiety arose from the parent-child relationship, and was a major force motivating us to seek safety and security. She did not believe, that personality depends on unchangeable biological forces, or that sexual factors were of such importance. She challenged the Oedipal theory, libido, and Freudian structure of the personality. Different from Freud, she stated men are motivated by womb envy, rather than women being motivated by penis envy (Schultz & Schultz, 1992). Freud based his theories of behavior on the nineteenth century philosophical and scientific n
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