Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia is a chronic, disabling disorder beginning in adolescent or young adulthood, and it is characterized by impaired reality testing, disordered thought, flat or inappropriate affect, and resulting in marked social and occupational impairments. It may involve frequent hospitalization and usually is marked by deterioration. The nature of the disease is a source of controversy, whether it is a single disease or a spectrum of multiple diseases. Positive symptoms have been identified and differentiated from negative symptoms, and the positive-negative dichotomy recalls the division of Schizophrenia into types I and II, classification according to deficit and nondeficit forms, and the use of positive and negative symptoms in earlier discussions. Neuropsychological correlates of schizophrenia include disturbances in attentional functioning, memory, and problem-solving, as well as difficulty grasping concepts. These may be present from the onset of the disease and are not readily responsive to antipsychotic medication, and they may constitute the rate-limiting steps in treatment and rehabilitation as they affect employment success and the acquisition of independent living skills. Research today is directed toward identifying underlying structural or functional lesions, either the lesions are genetically determined, and the critical period in which the lesions occurred, a shift from the study of neurochemical systems to the investigation of the genetic, developmental
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te genes and clinical characteristics of schizophrenia (Buchanan, Buckley, Tamminga, and Schulz 504-505).
Issues of treatment and the outcome of treatment are also given considerable attention in the literature today. Since 1992, the Agency for health Care Policy and Research and the National Institute of mental Health have funded the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) to develop and disseminate recommendations for the treatment of schizophrenia. These treatment recommendations have recently been compiled and reported so they can be used by mental health professionals across the country. The PORT recommendations are statements about the care of persons with schizophrenia and are based on substantial scientific evidence, and they begin with the assumption that the diagnosis of schizophrenia has been accurate. The treatment for an individual will be based on a variety of factors other than the diagnosis, such as the presence of other psychiatric or medical conditions, personal and social circumstances, and variations for the individual. These recommendations are based on substantial scientific research. The recommendations begin with pharmacotherapies and address then treatment of acute symptom episodes. Ea
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Approximate Word count = 1702
Approximate Pages = 7 (250 words per page)
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